SolVES模型价值转移方法对不同空间尺度的响应评估

随着人类对生态系统服务压力的不断增加,生态系统服务社会价值的评估变得至关重要。利用SolVES模型将太白山国家森林公园的社会价值转移到牛背梁国家森林公园和秦岭山地,评估两者的社会价值并探讨不同尺度下转移结果的差异。结果表明:1)牛背梁国家森林公园游憩价值指数与高程负相关,美学价值指数与高程正相关,羚牛谷山水观光游憩区的游憩价值较高,高山风光区的美学价值较高;2)秦岭山地的游憩价值与高程正相关,美学价值与高程负相关,森林公园的游憩价值较高,山地整体美学价值指数偏低;3)秦岭山地的社会价值集中于高程1000—2000m、坡度25°—35°处,而牛背梁国家森林公园的社会价值分布规律不明显;4)不同尺度下相同的转移模型输出的转移结果与环境变量的关系存在差异。SolVES模型的价值转移子模型是一个可以进行生态系统服务社会价值评估的快速有效的工具,但应根据需求精度选择合适的统计模型。     

Influence of age on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Apodemus sylvaticus at Merja Zerga lagoon,Morocco

The influence of age and sex on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Apodemus sylvaticus was studied in Merja Zerga lagoon in northern Morocco. Five trace metal elements (Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu and Fe) were quantitatively analyzed by Varian AA 240 atomic absorption spectroscopy with graphite furnace in three organs (Liver, Kidney and Heart) from animals of different age and sex. The maximum metal level of the analyzed samples was recorded in adults and was limited to 46.62 μg/g for Pb and 35.1 μg/g for Cu, while it reached 22.69 μg/g, 7.59 μg/g and 6.78 μg/g for Cr, Zn and Fe, respectively. Highly significant differences were found for bioaccumulation of heavy metals according to animal ages and no significant differences were observed between the two sexes among the studied animals. Our results revealed also the existence of a strong correlation (r > 0.65) between the majority of biometric parameters and the trace element concentrations. In general, we found that age is a critical factor in estimating the level of heavy metal pollution. Other characteristics such as habitat, feeding habits and anti-predator behavior of the species need to be studied.     

Spatiotemporal evaluation of trace elements in river water using multivariate methods

The multivariate statistical methods (cluster analysis and discriminant analysis [DA]) are used to evaluate the quality of water spatiotemporally in the Brahmani River basin. A total of 15 water quality indicators (pH, Chloramines, Sodium, Sulfate, Phosphate, Potassium, Boron, Fluoride, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Iron, and Total Chromium) are collected for 13 years in two seasons (the dry and the wet season) from nine sampling stations. These stations are grouped into four clusters (Considerable [Co], Low Pollution [LP], Moderate Pollution [MP], and Extreme Pollution [(EP]) by hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis based on the similarities of water quality characteristics. The nine important influencing discriminating water quality indicators are extracted by stepwise method of temporal DA,where as eight important influencing indicators for dry season and eight indicators (Potassium, Phosphate, Fluoride, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Iron, and Total Chromium) for wet season are found out by the spatial DA. The pollution status in the river basin was observed from overall trend in (Considerable) Co to (Extreme Pollution) EP regions. The study could be very useful in prioritizing the important sites for water resources and pollution management.     

华西雨屏区植被恢复对紫色土酸化的影响

退耕还林是控制水土流失、恢复森林植被和改善生态环境的重要举措。植被恢复进程中会发生土壤酸化,进而影响植物生长,厘清不同还林树种对土壤酸化的影响程度及作用机制有助于更好地评估退耕还林工程的整体生态效益。以华西雨屏区紫色土坡耕地(玉米)为对照,分析了退耕20a后柳杉纯林、柳杉-光皮桦混交林、慈竹林和茶园土壤pH的变化及其垂直分异。结果表明：玉米地、慈竹林、茶园、混交林和柳杉纯林0—50 cm土壤pH平均值分别为5.66、5.55、5.12、5.03和5.00,相较于玉米地,柳杉纯林、混交林和茶园土壤pH值显著下降(P<0.01),土壤酸化严重。相较于玉米地土壤pH值的均匀分布,植被恢复不同类型人工林pH值随土壤深度的增加而增加,10—50 cm土壤pH值(4.89—5.90)显著高于0—10 cm土壤pH值(4.72—5.21)(P<0.01),表层土壤酸化最明显。土壤pH值与土壤有机质含量呈极显著负相关,而与风化指数Na/K比值呈显著正相关,有机质含量和Na/K比值共同解释了土壤pH值变化的53.9%,表明植被恢复引起的土壤有机质积累与长石类矿物风化是驱动紫色土酸化的重要过程...     

Epichloë endophyte affects the ability of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) to colonise drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians)

The effect of the systemic seed-borne endophyte Epichloë gansuensis on the colonization by Blumeria graminis, the cause of powdery mildew disease, and the growth of the host grass Achnatherum inebrians, was studied under four soil water conditions. Infection incidence, disease lesion parameters, disease index, biomass production and growth parameters of the grass with and without the fungal endophyte were measured and counted after a period of disease. There was a significantly (P < 0.05) higher disease incidence and disease index for endophyte-free (E−) compared to endophyte-infected (E+) plants under different drought stresses. The presence of the endophyte significantly positively affected all of the host grass growth factors. The results of the present study demonstrate that the presence of the Epichloë endophyte reduced the ability of B. graminis to colonise A. inebrians and also conferred enhanced host plant growth at all soil water conditions tested.     

Understory vegetation as an indicator for floodplain forest restoration in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley,U.S.A.

In the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (MAV), complete alteration of river‐floodplain hydrology allowed for widespread conversion of forested bottomlands to intensive agriculture, resulting in nearly 80% forest loss. Governmental programs have attempted to restore forest habitat and functions within this altered landscape by the methods of tree planting (afforestation) and local hydrologic enhancement on reclaimed croplands. Early assessments identified factors that influenced whether planting plus tree colonization could establish an overstory community similar to natural bottomland forests. The extent to which afforested sites develop typical understory vegetation has not been evaluated, yet understory composition may be indicative of restored site conditions. As part of a broad study quantifying the ecosystem services gained from restoration efforts, understory vegetation was compared between 37 afforested sites and 26 mature forest sites. Differences in vegetation attributes for species growth forms, wetland indicator classes, and native status were tested with univariate analyses; floristic composition data were analyzed by multivariate techniques. Understory vegetation of restoration sites was generally hydrophytic, but species composition differed from that of mature bottomland forest because of young successional age and differing responses of plant growth forms. Attribute and floristic variation among restoration sites was related to variation in canopy development and local wetness conditions, which in turn reflected both intrinsic site features and outcomes of restoration practices. Thus, understory vegetation is a useful indicator of functional progress in floodplain forest restoration.     

Performance of bottom ramps to mitigate gravel habitat bottlenecks in a channelized lowland river

The long‐term performance of measures to restore in‐stream habitat in gravel bed rivers is uncertain in the presence of impoundments, land use pressures, and fine sediment inputs. The goal of this study was to evaluate the longer‐term performance of five bottom ramps, designed to facilitate fish passage, and constructed similarly to artificial riffles to provide compensatory gravel riverbed habitat for benthic invertebrates and lithophilic, coarse‐substrate‐preferring fish in a channelized lowland river. Bottom ramp age did not significantly influence habitat conditions indicated by a lack of correlations with the percentage of fine sediment less than 2 mm, the organic content of the substrate, and the years since construction. A significant decrease in the relative abundances of coarse‐substrate‐preferring benthic invertebrates corresponding to project construction age was found, but there were no significant differences in the density of rheophilic, fast‐flow‐preferring or lithophilic fish species among sites. This study presents substantial evidence that similarly constructed bottom ramps in comparable environmental settings provided sufficient habitat for sensitive benthic invertebrates and fish to be present for over 13 years. However, a sudden decrease in habitat suitability cannot be excluded in the long‐term if there is a fine sediment deposition threshold, which results in ramps becoming full. Nevertheless, bottom ramps are recommended as effective measures to enhance longitudinal connectivity, fish passage, and gravel habitat provision in channelized lowland rivers.     

Crocodylus niloticus (Crocodilia) is highly sensitive to water surface waves

Crocodiles show oriented responses to water surface wave stimuli but up to now behavioral thresholds are missing. This study determines the behavioral thresholds of crocodilians to water surface waves. Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) were conditioned to respond to single-frequency water surface wave stimuli (duration 1150 ms, frequency 15, 30, 40, 60 and 80 Hz), produced by blowing air onto the water surface. Our study shows that C. niloticus is highly sensitive to capillary water surface waves. Threshold values decreased with increasing frequency and ranged between 10.3 μm (15 Hz) and 0.5 μm (80 Hz) peak-to-peak wave amplitude. For the frequencies 15 Hz and 30 Hz the sensitivity of one spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) to water surface waves was also tested. Threshold values were 12.8 μm (15 Hz) down to 1.76 μm (30 Hz), i.e. close to the threshold values of C. niloticus. The surface wave sensitivity of crocodiles is similar to the surface wave sensitivity of semi-aquatic insects and fishing spiders but does not match the sensitivity of surface-feeding fishes which is higher by one to two orders of magnitude.     

Contribution of habitat type to residency and dispersal choices by overwintered and summer adult Colorado potato beetles

The walking and flight dispersal of marked overwintered and summer Colorado potato beetles (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), released in field box‐plots was monitored simultaneously in six habitats over a period of 4 days. The emigration out of plots by walking beetles was calculated from the catch in linear pitfall traps completely surrounding each box‐plot and emigration flight was estimated from the number of beetles missing from the plot or captured by the trap. Overwintered beetles dispersed sooner after release than summer beetles. Overall, the mean number of beetles retained by the habitat was significantly higher in the host habitat (potato) than in any non‐host habitat tested (soybean, pasture, bare ground, water, woodland). Unexpectedly, there was no or little difference in overall beetle retention between non‐host habitats except for higher retention in the water habitat. No difference in the ratio of flight over walking could be detected by the study between overwintered and summer CPB except in the water and woodland habitats. Twenty‐four hours after release, the highest ratios were obtained in the water and woodland habitats and the lowest in the bare‐ground habitat, but ratios were similar for all habitats, except water, after 96 h. As a population, under these experimental conditions, 96 h after release, it seems that CPB displayed a slight preference for flight over walking, with walking as a default mode. A fed and starved pre‐release treatment had no effect on dispersal rates or mode of dispersal. Essentially, our results showed that over a 96‐h period, northeastern North American CPB emigrated at similar rates from the various non‐host habitats encountered, except for water, using walking as much as flight. The host habitat retained CPB significantly longer than non‐host habitats but with a mode of dispersal ratio similar to that in non‐host habitats. The impact on dispersal of the various habitats encountered by CPB in the agro‐ecosystem was less important than expected suggesting that the interaction of environmental parameters is likely to have the most significant impact in determining dispersal rates and dispersal modes.